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␡- SOHO Cisco VPN 3002 Hardware Client
This chapter is from the book
This chapter is from the book
Terms you'll need to understand:
Client mode
Network Extension mode
SEP
SEP-E
VRRP
VCA protocol
Techniques you'll need to master:
Identifying the default hardware components of the VPN 3000 Concentrators
Identifying the standard performance statistics for the VPN 3000 Concentrators
Understanding SEP redundancy
Comprehending the utilization of VRRP for concentrator redundancy
Understanding concentrator load balancing functionality
Recognizing the principle of bandwidth management
This chapter introduces the hardware platforms for Cisco's VPN 3002 Hardware Client and the VPN 3000 Concentrator series. It is crucial that you understand the hardware aspect of the equipment before the actual configuration to provide a foundation for the components that you are configuring. Table 3.1 illustrates the Cisco VPN Concentrator and Client offerings and the locations in which you would implement these appliances.
Table 3.1 Cisco VPN Concentrator and Client Platform Overview
Concentrator Model | Performance | Hardware Encryption | Site |
3002 Hardware Client | 2.2Mbps/1 Session | NA | SOHO |
3005 | 4Mbps/100 Remote Sessions | NA | Small ROBO |
3015 | 4Mbps/100 Remote Sessions | NA | Small ROBO |
3030 | 50Mbps/1500 Remote Sessions | 1 SEP Module | Medium ROBO |
3060 | 100Mbps/5000 Remote Sessions | 2 SEP Modules | Central Site/SP |
3080 | 100Mbps/10,000 Remote Sessions | 4 SEP Modules | Central Site /SP |
SOHO Cisco VPN 3002 Hardware Client
The 3002 Hardware Client provides hardware stability for small offices in which remote access VPN tunnels to the main office are required. Instead of installing the software client on multiple end-devices, the Cisco VPN 3002 Hardware Client offloads that responsibility onto itself by initiating the VPN tunnel on behalf of the clients behind it. This functionality, known as Client mode, utilizes Port Address Translation (PAT) to hide the devices behind the hardware client. The 3002 can also support site-to-site connectivity in Network Extension mode. Configuration is simple because of its pushed-policy feature in which the 3002 inherits configuration parameters from the head-end VPN concentrator.
The VPN 3002 Hardware Client is capable of providing up to 10Mbps of throughput of unencrypted data and 2.2Mbps of software-based encrypted data over a single VPN tunnel. It comes standard with a public 10/100 Ethernet interface, which connects to an external Internet WAN router. The CVPN-3002 model has a single private 10/100 Ethernet interface, whereas the CVPN-3002-8E model has an embedded auto-MDIX 8-port switch. The fact that this appliance does not need to rely on unstable computer platforms and can maintain substantial throughput, means the VPN 3002 Hardware Client is a robust solution in comparison to software-based clients. Figure 3.1 illustrates the CVPN 3002-8E model.
Figure 3.1 Cisco CVPN 3002-8E Hardware Client.
Table Of Contents
Introduction
References
Document Organization
Cisco VPN 3002 Hardware Client
Overview
VPN 3002 Interfaces
Roles and Services
Authentication Mechanisms
Physical Security
Cryptographic Key Management
Self-Tests
Design Assurance
Mitigation of Other Attacks
Secure Operation
Crypto-Officer Guidance
Services
User Guidance
Tamper Evidence Labels
Non-FIPS Approved Cryptographic Algorithms
Acronyms
Cisco VPN 3002 Hardware Client Security Policy
Introduction
This non-proprietary Cryptographic Module Security Policy describes how the VPN 3002 and 3002 8E Hardware Client (Firmware version FIPS 3.6.7.F) meets the security requirements of FIPS 140-2, and how to operate a VPN 3002 using IPSec encryption in secure FIPS 140-2 mode. This policy was prepared as part of the Level 2 FIPS 140-2 validation of the VPN 3002 Hardware Client, referred to in this document as the VPN 3002.
This document may be copied in its entirety and without modification. All copies must include the copyright notice and statements on the last page.
FIPS 140-2 (Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 140-2—Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules) details the U.S. Government requirements for cryptographic modules. More information about the FIPS 140-2 standard and validation program is available on the NIST website at:
http://csrc.nist.gov/cryptval/
This document contains the following sections:
References
This document describes the operations and capabilities of the VPN 3002 only in the technical terms of FIPS 140-2 cryptographic module security policy. More information is available on the VPN 3002 Hardware Client in the following documents:
VPN 3002 Hardware Client Getting Started, Release 3.6—explains how to unpack and install the VPN 3002 and how to configure the minimal parameters.
VPN 3002 Hardware Client Reference, Release 3.6—explains how to start and use the VPN 3002 Hardware Client Manager and how to configure your device beyond the minimal parameters you set during quick configuration. This guide also explains and defines all functions available in the Administration and Monitoring screens of the VPN 3002 Hardware Client Manager.
VPN 3002 Hardware Client Quick Start card summarizes information for quick configuration.
VPN 3002 Hardware Client Basic Information sticky label summarizes information for installing the VPN 3002 and beginning configuration.
Release Notes for Cisco VPN 3000 Series Concentrator, Releases 3.6 Through 3.6.7
You can find this documentation as well as information on the complete line of products from Cisco Systems at the website http://www.cisco.com.
The NIST Validated Modules website (http://csrc.nist.gov/cryptval/) contains contact information for answers to technical or sales-related questions for the modules.
Document Organization
The Security Policy document is one document in a complete FIPS-2 Submission Package. In addition to this document, the complete submission package contains:
•Vendor Evidence document
•Finite State Machine
•Other supporting documentation as additional references
With the exception of this Non-Proprietary Security Policy, the FIPS 140-2 Validation Documentation is proprietary to Cisco Systems and is releasable only under appropriate non-disclosure agreements. For access to these documents, contact Cisco Systems.
Cisco VPN 3002 Hardware Client
This section presents an overview of the VPN 3002, its interfaces, roles and services, authentication mechanisms, cryptographic key management, design assurance, and mitigation of attacks.
Overview
The Cisco VPN 3002 and 3002-8E Hardware Client, referred to in this document as the VPN 3002, is a small hardware appliance that operates as a client in Virtual Private Networking (VPN) environments. It combines the best features of a software client, including scalability and easy deployment, with the stability and independence of a hardware platform. The VPN 3002 connects a remote user to a corporate network. The user connects to a local Internet service provider (ISP), then to the VPN device Internet IP address. The VPN 3002 encrypts the data and encapsulates it into a routable IPSec packet, creating a secure tunnel between the remote user and the corporate network. The corporate server authenticates the user, decrypts and authenticates the IPSec packet, and translates the source address in the packets to an address recognized on the corporate network. This address is used for all traffic sent from the corporate network to the remote user for the duration of the connection. The VPN 3002 distinguishes between tunneled and non-tunneled traffic and, depending on your server configuration, allows simultaneous access to the corporate network and to Internet resources.
VPN 3002 Interfaces
The VPN 3002 is a multi-chip stand-alone module and the cryptographic boundary of the module is defined by its metal enclosure. The module provides a number of physical and logical interfaces to the device.
The physical interfaces that the VPN 3002 provides are mapped to four FIPS 140-2 defined logical interfaces: data input, data output, control input, and status output. The logical interfaces and their module mapping are described in Table 1.
VPN 3002's Physical Interfaces | |
|---|---|
Data input | 10/100BASE-TX LAN ports |
Data output | 10/100BASE-TX LAN ports |
Control input sequence | 10/100BASE-TX LAN ports |
Status output | LEDs |
Power | 3.3 VDC, 4.55 A power inlet |
Roles and Services
VPN 3002 implements role-based authentication. To perform tasks on the VPN 3002, users are required to enter a password and authenticate to the system. Users can access the VPN 3002 in one of the following ways:
•Serial Port
•Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
•HTTPS (over TLS pr SSL)
•Telnet
•Telnet over SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
•SSH
In a FIPS approved mode of operation, only the interfaces through the serial port, HTTPS (using TLS) and SSH (using FIPS-approved algorithms) are enabled.
The VPN 3002 supports three roles by default. These are mapped to the crypto officer and user roles as follows:
FIPS Mapping | |
|---|---|
Admin | Crypto-Officer |
Config and Monitor | Crypto-Officer |
User | User |
Admin Role
The admin is responsible for configuring the VPN 3002 properly, and is considered to be a crypto officer role. The admin can access all the services available via the management interfaces. Descriptions of the services available to the admin role are provided below.
The non-crypto services include show status commands and user establishment and authentication initialization. The non-crypto services available to the admin role include the following:
•Performing general configuration (for example, defining IP addresses, enabling interfaces, enabling network services, and configuring IP routing protocols)
•Reloading and shutting down the VPN 3002
•Displaying full status of the VPN 3002
•Shutting down and restarting network services
•Displaying the configuration file stored in memory, and also the version saved in flash, which is used to initialize the VPN 3002 following a reboot
•Configuring all administrative roles and privileges
•Managing the event log
•Monitoring operations
The crypto services include key generation, encryption/decryption, and the power-up self-tests. The crypto services available to the admin role include:
•Managing certificate enrollment
•Configuring group authentication policy
•Configuring management protocols (public key algorithm, encryption, authentication)
•Configuring filters and access lists for interfaces and users
•Configuring administrator passwords
Admin users may not configure static session keys for encrypted tunnels, nor are they allowed to enter static keys for certificate enrollment. These keys are all generated dynamically via the appropriate mechanism (e.g. IKE negotiations or RSA and DSA digital signatures).
Managing the VPN Concentrator, with which the 3002 Hardware Client is working, is also considered to be a crypto officer role. The VPN 3002 Hardware Client uses the following services from the VPN Concentrator:
•The VPN Concentrator 'pushes' the split tunneling policy to the VPN 3002 over an IPsec tunnel.
•The VPN Concentrators perform the authentication of the VPN 3002 users on behalf of the VPN 3002. If a user tries to login to the VPN 3002, the authentication information is passed onto the VPN Concentrator over the IPSec tunnel, which verifies the information and sends back the status.
The VPN Concentrator and the Hardware Client authenticate to each other using public key certificates during IPSec tunnel negotiation.
Config and Monitor Roles
The VPN 3002 supports two additional administrator roles with restrictive privileges. The administrator roles are also crypto officers but with lesser privileges. These two roles are called `Config' and `Monitor' and are created by default on the module. The admin user can disable them or change their passwords.
For FIPS purposes the administrator role is also considered to be a crypto officer role. The `Config' administrator is a crypto officer with access rights to Quick Configuration and monitoring. The Monitor administrator is a crypto officer with rights to monitoring management options only.
The administrator role is accessed through an Ethernet port using the Web-based administration tool, or by connecting through the console port. All administrator roles are authenticated by the correct username/password combination and passing the appropriate IP address checks.
User Role
Users are the people or entities that wish to send data or traffic through the VPN 3002. Users comprise devices, VPN 3002s, and anyone passing data through the VPN 3002s. All user roles are entered by supplying the correct authentication information. Users are authenticated to the VPN 3002 based on the authentication protocol established by the administrator (for example, security association ID or IP address and preshared secret key combination).
Authentication Mechanisms
The VPN 3002 supports the username-password combination or digital certificates for authenticating users for IPSec tunnel negotiation. To log on to the VPN 3002 for managing the module, an operator (admin) must connect to the VPN 3002 through one of the management interfaces (Serial Port, SSH, HTTP or TLS in FIPS mode) and provide a username and password.
Strength | |
|---|---|
Username-Password mechanism | The module implements a minimum length requirement for the password. The minimum length is six characters. The length of the password makes the probability of getting a random guess correct less that 1 in 1000000. |
Certificate-based authentication | The module supports a public key based authentication. It supports 512, 768 and 1024 bit keys. The signature on each certificate is 128-bits. Thus the probability of getting a random guess correct is much less than 1 in 1000000. This is used to authenticate the client when creating an IPSec tunnel. |
Physical Security
The VPN 3002 Hardware Client is a multi-chip stand-alone cryptographic module.
Cryptographic Key Management
The VPN 3002 uses the following FIPS-approved algorithms.
•Symmetric Key Algorithms
Modes Implemented | ||
|---|---|---|
DES (FIPS 46-3) | CBC | 56 bits |
Triple DES (FIPS 46-3) | CBC | 168 bits |
AES (FIPS 197) | CBC | 128, 196, 256 bits |
•Hashing Algorithm
–SHA-1 (FIPS 180-1)
–HMAC with SHA-1
•Public Key Algorithm
–RSA (PKCS#1)
–DSA (FIPS 186-1)
The VPN 3002 implements the Diffie-Hellman Key exchange algorithm. It also uses the SSL/TLS protocol, SSH protocol and HTTPS for system management.
Cryptographic Keys Used by the VPN 3002
The VPN 3002 uses a variety of keys during its operation. Table 4 lists the keys used by various services and protocols. The VPN 3002 uses PKCS10 format for certificate requests. It also supports the Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol (SCEP).
Description | Storage and Zeroization | |
Key Encryption Key 1 (KEK1) | An ephemeral triple DES key used to protect all traffic keys, HMAC keys, Diffie-Hellman private keys. KEK1 is used to decrypt the appropriate cryptographic key prior to use. | KEK1 is stored in RAM in plaintext form. It is zeroized by restarting/resetting the module. |
Key Encryption Key 2 (KEK2) | An ephemeral DES key used to protect DSA private keys, RSA private keys, and the Diffie-Hellman shared secret (gxy) private keys. KEK2 is used to decrypt the appropriate cryptographic keys prior to use by the module. | KEK2 is stored in RAM in plaintext form. It is zeroized by restarting/resetting the module. |
RSA public/private keys | Identity certificates for the module itself and also used in IPSec negotiations. | The RSA private key is stored encrypted with KEK2 in the RAM memory. In the Flash they are stored encrypted with a PKCS#5 based encryption mechanism. The pass phrase used for the PKCS#5 encryption is derived from hardware. They are stored in Flash memory and no one can access the Flash to access these keys. |
DSA public/private keys | Identity certificates for the module itself and also used in IPSec negotiations. | The DSA private key is stored encrypted with KEK2 in the RAM memory. In the Flash filesystem they are stored encrypted with a PKCS#5 password based encryption mechanism. The pass phrase used for the PKCS#5 encryption is derived from hardware.They are stored in Flash memory and no one can access the Flash to access these keys. |
Diffie-Hellman Key Pairs | Used by the VPN 3002 devices for key agreementduring the IKE session establishment process. | Diffie-Hellman private keys and shared secrets(gxy) are stored in RAM and protected by encryption using either KEK1 or KEK2. They are zeroized by resetting/rebooting the module. |
Public keys | The VPN 3002 stores public keys of client systems that use the VPN 3002. It also receives the public key of the VPN 3002. | These can be either deleted by the Admin or overwritten with a new value of the certificate from the client. |
TLS Traffic Keys | Used in HTTPS connections to configure the system and also in SSH host keys. | These are ephemeral keys stored in RAM encrypted using KEK1 and are zeroized once the TLS session is closed. |
SSH Host keys and Session Keys | The SSH keys for the VPN module. The keys from clients, from where the operator is connecting are also stored. | The SSH session keys are ephemeral keys stored in RAM encrypted using KEK1. They are zeroized once the SSH session is closed. The SSH host keys are zeroized by either deleting them or by overwriting them with a new value of the key. |
IPSec traffic keys | Exchanged using the IKE protocol and the public/private key pairs. These are DES/3DES or AES keys. | They are ephemeral keys stored in RAM encrypted using KEK1 and are zeroized when the tunnel is closed. |
IKE pre-shared keys | Entered by the crypto officer in plain-text form over the HTTPS(TLS) web interface and are stored in plaintext form. | They are used for authentication during IKE. They are zeoized by |
Password table | Critical security parameters used to authenticate the crypto officer logging in on to the machine. | They are stored in NVRAM and are zeroized by overwriting the password with a new one. |
Group and User passwords | Critical security parameters used to authenticate the Users of the module | They are stored in flash memory using a PKCS#5 derived key. They are zeroized when the passwords are changed. |
Certificates of Certificate Authorities (CAs) | Necessary to verify certificates issued by them. So the CA's certificate should be installed before installing the certificate issued by it. | They are stored in the file system and are signed by the CA to prevent modification. |
Only the crypto officer can log on to the module through an administrative interface (console or web interface). All users access only the services that the VPN 3002 provides. Hence the CSPs stored on the disk are accessed directly only by the crypto officer.
Key Generation
The VPN 3002 uses FIPS-approved random number generators. The VPN 3002 generates all other keys using the pseudo random number generator defined in the ANSI X9.31 standard.
Key Entry and Output
All the keys are entered through the administrative interface. Keys are never output from the VPN 3002.
Key Storage
All cryptographic keys are stored in encrypted form using Key Encryption Keys (KEKs). The only keys that are stored in plain-text form are the KEKs and IPSec pre-shared keys. KEKs are not accessible to anyone and are stored in flash. Also a user thread cannot access shared keys of other users. The passwords are stored in clear text format. The RSA/DSA keys are stored encrypted in the flash using a PKCS#5 based pass-phrase. Keys encrypted with a pass-phrase based PKCS#5 are considered plain text for FIPS purposes.
Key destruction
As required by FIPS 140-2, all keys can be destroyed and the VPN 3002 zeroizes all keys prior to their destruction. Also performing a hardware or software reboot will zeroize all the KEKs and ephemeral session keys.
Self-Tests
The VPN 3002 provides the following power-up self-tests:
•Software/firmware integrity test
•DSA KAT (sign/verify test)
Cisco Vpn 3002
•RSA KAT
•DES KAT
•TDES KAT
•AES KAT
•SHA-1 KAT
•HMAC SHA1 KAT
The VPN 3002 performs all power-up self-tests automatically each time it starts. All power-up self-tests must be passed before allowing any operator to perform any cryptographic services. The power-up self-tests are performed after the cryptographic systems are initialized, but prior to the initialization of the LANs. This prevents the module from passing any data during a power-up self-test failure. In the unlikely event a power-up self-test fails, an event is displayed in the event log indicating the error and then the module logs the error message. In this state, the VPN 3002 does not perform any operations. The operator has to check the logs and cycle the power to attempt to clear the error.
In addition, the VPN 3002 also provides the following conditional self-tests:
•Pair-wise consistency test for DSA key pair generation
•RSA pair wise consistency test for RSA key pair generation
•Continuous Random Number Generator Test for the FIPS-approved RNG
In the unlikely event a conditional self-test fails, an event is displayed in the error log indicating the error and then the module logs the error. In this state the VPN 3002 disables all data output. The operator has to check the logs and cycle the power to attempt to clear the error.
Design Assurance
Cisco Systems uses the Perforce Configuration Management System. Perforce is used in software and document version control, code sharing and build management.
The configuration management system is used for Software Lifecycle Modeling. Software life-cycle modeling is the business of tracking source code as it goes through various stages throughout its life, from development, to testing, release, reuse, and retirement. Cisco Systems also the Perforce Configuration Management system to perform the following processes:
•Workspaces - where developers build, test, and debug
•Codelines - the canonical sets of source files
•Branches - variants of the codeline
•Change propagation - getting changes from one codeline to another
•Builds - turning source files into products
Cisco Systems follows established software engineering principles design, develop, track and document software and hardware modules.
Mitigation of Other Attacks
The VPN 3002 does not claim to mitigate any attacks in a FIPS approved mode of operation.
Secure Operation
The Cisco VPN 3002 meets Level 2 requirements for FIPS 140-2. The sections below describe how to place and keep the module in FIPS-approved mode of operation.
Crypto-Officer Guidance
The following are instructions to the crypto officer to run the module in a FIPS approved mode of operation.
Initial Setup
The following list is a summary of the security rules that the crypto officer must configure and enforce on the VPN 3002s:
•The crypto officer must make sure that the corresponding VPN Concentrator is operating in a FIPS mode.
•Only FIPS-approved cryptographic algorithms to be used.
•Only the IPSec protocol may be enabled for protection of traffic.
•When using HTTPS to protect administrative functions, only the TLS protocol may be used for key derivation. The SSL protocol is not compliant with the FIPS 140-2 standard.
•The crypto officer must change the default password and choose a password that is at least 6 characters long.
•The crypto officer must not perform firmware upgrades in a FIPS mode of operation.
Cryptographic Algorithms
VPN 3002s support many different cryptographic algorithms. However, to properly use VPN 3002s in FIPS mode, only the FIPS-approved algorithms may be used. The following cryptographic algorithms are to be used for encrypting traffic, hashing, or signing/verifying digital signatures:
•DES encryption/decryption
Note For legacy use: Use the DES algorithm only for protecting low sensitivity information. Cisco recommends that you use Triple DES or AES to protect highly sensitive information.
•Triple DES encryption/decryption
•SHA-1 hashing
•DSA signing and verifying
•RSA digital signature signing and verifying
Administrators must configure VPN 3002s to use only the cryptographic algorithms listed above for all services that they provide.
Security Relevant Data Items
Cisco Vpn 3002 Setup
VPN 3002s store many security relevant data items, such as authentication keys (Pre-shared keys, DSA or RSA private keys) and traffic encryption keys. All security data items are stored and protected within the VPN 3002 tamper evident enclosure (see section 'Tamper Evidence' for details on applying tamper evident labels). In addition, most security data items are stored encrypted on VPN 3002s.
Services
To operate in FIPS mode, the crypto officer must configure the VPN 3002 as follows:
•Enable HTTPS only. Disable HTTP for performing system management.
•Configure SSL to use only FIPS-compliant encryption algorithms (DES, 3DES, or SHA-1) and set SSL version to TLS V1.
•Configure the Event subsystem to avoid sending events to the console.
•Disable Telnet server.
•Ensure that installed digital certificates are signed using FIPS-compliant algorithms (SHA-1).
•Configure SSH to use only the FIPS-approved encryption algorithms.
•Firmware upgrades are not to be performed in a FIPS mode of operation
User Guidance
The user has to choose a password responsibly and should safeguard it properly without disclosing it.
Tamper Evidence Labels
The VPN 3002 protects all critical security parameters through the use of tamper evident labels. The administrator is responsible for properly placing all tamper evident labels. The security labels recommended for FIPS 140-2 compliance are provided in the FIPS Kit (CVPN3000FIPS/KIT), which you can order for any validated model. These security labels are very fragile and cannot be removed without clear signs of damage to the labels.
You can remove the main encasing of the VPN 3002 like the encasing of a personal computer. The VPN 3002's encasing is attached with four screws at the bottom of the device. Apply the serialized tamper-evidence labels as follows:
Step 1 Turn off and unplug the system before cleaning the chassis and applying labels.
Step 2 Clean the chassis of any grease, dirt, or oil before applying the tamper-evident labels. Alcohol-based cleaning pads are recommended for this purpose.
Step 3 Apply two tamper-evident labels one on each side of the box such that the label covers the side of the encasing and the bottom of the box.
Cisco Vpn 3002
Step 4 Record the serial numbers of the labels applied to the system in a security log.
Step 5 A minimum of 12 hours is required for the labels to cure properly before the module can be used in a secure mode of operation.
Cisco Vpn 3002 Hardware Client
Non-FIPS Approved Cryptographic Algorithms
The following cryptographic algorithms are not FIPS-compliant algorithms.
Symmetric Key Algorithms
•40- and 128-bit RC4. CBC mode implemented
Hashing Algorithms
•MD5
•HMAC with MD5
Acronyms
ANSI | American National Standards Institute |
|---|---|
CMVP | Cryptographic Module Validation Program |
CSE | Communications Security Establishment |
CSP | Critical Security Parameter |
EDC | Error Detection Code |
EMC | Electromagnetic Compatibility |
EMI | Electromagnetic Interference |
FCC | Federal Communication Commission |
FIPS | Federal Information Processing Standard |
HTTP | Hyper Text Transfer Protocol |
HTTPS | Hyper Text Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer, or HTTP over SSL |
IKE | Internet Key Exchange |
KAT | Known Answer Test |
LED | Light Emitting Diode |
MAC | Message Authentication Code |
NIST | National Institute of Standards and Technology |
NVLAP | National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program |
RAM | Random Access Memory |
RSA | Rivest Shamir and Adleman |
SHA | Secure Hash Algorithm |
SSH | Secure Shell |
SSL | Secure Sockets Layer |
TLS | Transport Layer Security |
Cisco Vpn 3002 Setup
Cisco VPN 3002 Hardware Client Security Policy
Copyright © 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Note This document may be copied in its entirety and without modification. All copies must include the copyright notice and statements on the this page.
Cisco Vpn 3002 End Of Life
Posted: Fri Apr 30 10:45:58 PDT 2004
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